Relationship Between Perception and Attention

Table of Contents Introduction Relationship between attention and perception Conclusion References Introduction Attention is the ability to focus on a specific object or part of a conversation in a given environment while ignoring others (Styles, 2005). Once the brain gathers information from the surrounding environment, attention allows one to select on what they want to focus on from the brain. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Perception and Attention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is attention that enables one to pick their area of interest. For instance, being able to have a phone conversation in a noisy night club while ignoring all the loud music or being able to listening to music in a busy traffic with hooting sounds. There are different types of attention according to scientists, namely; focused attention, sustained attention, selective attention, alternating attention and d ivided attention (Gear, 1989). On the other hand, perception is the ability to become aware of one’s environment by creating meaning from what is obtained by our sensory organs including ears, eyes, skin, smell and taste buds (Styles, 2005). Perception allows a person to interpret information from our senses based on existing information and expectations. As such, perception enables individuals to create meaning from the sensory nerves. There are different types of perception including perceptual constancy which allows the mind to recognize an image from varying angles, light intensity and from different distance (Gear, 1989). For instance, white color appears the same under different light intensity and objects remain the same whether at close or long distance. Generally, perception helps us to create mental image which leads to an action. In most cases, when one sees fire or a lion the mind decide what to do. So smell, touch, sight and sound determine how we perceive thin gs. Relationship between attention and perception Gear (1989) says when we see an object’s light travel to the eyes; we unconsciously interpret what that light means. In the same way, when we see an animal such as a cat in our environment the sensory nerves are able to construct the image which is then created in the mind, this is perception. The same case happens when we hear certain sounds we are familiar with which we are able to interpret and form an image based on that. This creates the relationship between attention and perception. For instance, when we hear a dog bark our brain is able to process this information and creates an image even though we cannot see the dog at that moment. At times however, there are chances of having abnormal stimuli which can result to double images or double meaning (Styles, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perception can also be det ermined by culture and social experiences that an individual has had before; before someone can choose where to put their focus on, they use what is called â€Å"bottom up and top down method† (Styles, 2005). Bottom up allows ones to scan through the environment or in their minds for already existing information while the top down method is based on one’s goals which can lead to forming habits. For instance, if one is used to keeping their car keys in a specific location, their minds will tend to focus their attention to that specific area whenever they want to use the keys, this is attention. Conclusion Attention and perception depend on each other. Perception is part of the brain that interprets what we feel, hear, taste and touch into images that we can be able to understand before the mind takes any action. Attention picks the image and determines what the mind will concentrate on depending on our goals, past experience and areas of interest (Styles, 2005). Refere nces Gear, J. (1989). Perception and the evolution of style: a new model of mind. London: Routledge Press. Styles, A. (2005). Attention, perception and memory: An integrated production. New York: Psychology press. This essay on Relationship Between Perception and Attention was written and submitted by user Kensley George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Camera phone debate

Camera phone debate Introduction Advancement in technology has brought about revolution in telecommunication industry. This has led to increased use of camera phones and digital cameras in the United States. Estimates show that nearly half of American families have cameras. Moreover, they also show that nearly 40% of the families have camera phones.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Camera phone debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows that people have embraced technology. However, it is worrisome that some people risk their lives to use these gadgets. For instance, a graduate student (Jamal Albarghouti) took footage of the Virginia student massacre on a camera phone. Similarly, another 19 years old college student (Ho) took footage of plane crash on a digital camera. These cases provide examples of citizens who risk their lives to take video footages (Rottenberg and Winchell 262-265). Summary of the two articles Praise for Stud ent’s footage of Virginia tech Mass killing The article by Lily Yulianti narrates about a chilling event at Virginia Tech. Yulianti reports how a Palestinian graduate student (Jamal Albarghouti) took footage of mass killings at the college using a phone camera. Albarghouti took a detailed footage of the event. Yulianti mentions in the article that Larry King, a news reporter with CNN, was amazed at Albarghouti’s achievement. The article goes through the event as taken in the footage. It mentions mass shootings, which was experienced at the College. In addition, the article covers Albarghouti’s interview with Larry king. Yulianti’s main concern in the article is about Albarghouti’s safety (Rottenberg and Winchell 262-265). She could not understand why Albarghouti stopped and take footage of events in such a commotion. Moreover, he was not a professional journalist. The article describes how Albarghouti gave an account of the event to King. Yulianti describes Albarghouti’s account on the event as clear and firm. However, she also notes that Albarghouti was used to such hostilities back in Gaza. Later on, the author introduces the citizen journalism debate, which has received criticism from traditional media. She therefore wonders why exclusive reports from citizen journalists are met with suspicion by the mainstream media (Rottenberg and Winchell 262-265). Disaster Photos: Newsworthy or Irresponsible The second article is about a debate on whether photos taken by survivors are newsworthy or irresponsible. The article begins by recounting how plane crashes have prompted concerns by safety investigators. In addition, it gives a detailed description of London bombings as well as witness photos from survivors. The article wonders why victims put the lives at risk to take pictures during tragic events like plane crash. It goes on to give a story of Ho, a student who took pictures of a plane crash disaster, in which he was a c rew (Rottenberg and Winchell 262-265).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was quite worrying given that he could have easily delayed rescue missions as well as his safety. The article talks of photos from Eddie Ho, which were, broadcasted in ABC’s good morning America. Moreover, this information was also broadcasted in CNN and NBC. The article therefore tries to debate whether taking photos at such crucial moments is newsworthy or irresponsible. It utilizes several scholars such as Helen Muir and Kelly McBride to analyze the debate (Rottenberg and Winchell 262-265). For instance, one scholar cautions media from taking footage/ pictures from citizens without prior information on how the sources got such information. However, other proponents like Sherwood welcomes contributions from citizen journalists like Ho. In the end, the article reaches a consensus on the issue by noting that over time, it is upon survivors to decide when to take pictures or not (Rottenberg and Winchell 262-265). Analysis The first article gives an overview of events before criticizing journalists at the end. It gives an overview of citizen journalism and an overview of how it is clear and firm. It does not give detailed information on professional journalism although it criticizes mainstream media, which consist of professional journalists, of being suspicious of citizen journalism. The author therefore uses appeal to describe one side and to refute the other (Whately 11). In this regard, the model utilized in the first article is Aristotelian, which promotes one claim but refutes the other. On the other hand, the second article gives a detailed description of both sides of the debate. For instance, it gives example of proponents of survivor photos with their reasons and those against survivor photos. In the end, it reaches consensus on situations when surviv ors can take photos. This article shows a rogerian argumentation, which normally reaches consensus after exploring both options (Whately 11). Conclusion From the two articles, it is clear that the latter provides more information for decision making than the first. For instance, it does not only make claims on the need for survivors to stop taking picture in distress, but it also provides evidences from proponents. These include Helen Muir and Kelly McBride, among others. On the other hand, it provides information from opponents like Sherwood, among others. Finally, it reaches a solution with evidence from Mark Glaser. The second article is therefore more convincing than the first (Munson and Black 55). Munson, Ronald, and Black Andrew. The Elements of Reasoning, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2011.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Camera phone debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rottenberg, Annette, and Win chell Donna. Elements of Argument, London: Bedford, 2012. Whately, Richard. Elements of Logic, New York, NY: Sheldon Company, 1826.

Ideology and Social Movement in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ideology and Social Movement in China - Essay Example This interrelationship is of great significance in the development of Chinese culture, social movement and modernization. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate what happens to ideas and ideologies when they are transplanted to settings other than their own original time and context. The main focus will be on Confucianism applied to the challenge of modernization in China, modern western liberalism in pre- and post- May 4th era, and Marxism in both pre- and post- 1949 China. Until 1917, Chinese literary language was regarded as the key cultural domain or â€Å"the national essence†, and was one of the few elements of China’s tradition that did not succumb to the challenge of modernization presented by western imperialism4. The Chinese Civil War (1927 to 1949) drew to a close with the Chinese revolution of 1949, and later led to the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). By this time, traditional Chinese culture was believed to have expired, though the decline began soon after 1895. However, Mao Tse-Tung, the Chinese communist leader and others believed that modernization was â€Å"a self-renewal of China’s inherent tradition†¦of thought and culture,†5 and this was the basis on which Western sciences and technologies were transplanted into China, while rejecting the socio-political and ideological culture of the West. From the end of the 1970s, contemporary and modern western philosophical trends were gradually incorporated into Chinese ideologies, eliminating dogmatism and old traditional thought hardened by lack of reform. Confucius (551-479 BCE), the Chinese philosopher, thinker and educator, established various guidelines towards living human life optimally. Confucianism has deeply influenced Chinese philosophy and ideologies. One thousand years before the conceptualization of humanism in the West, Confucianism stressed on the value of humanity, the

The Leadership Experience Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Leadership Experience - Term Paper Example A directive autocratic style is where managers make decisions unilaterally and closely monitors subordinates whereas a permissive autocratic is where managers make decision unilaterally but allows subordinates to have autonomy in performing their duties. Therefore, in this management style, all decisions made reflect the perceptions and personality of the manager. It is a directive leadership which alienates subordinates from participating in the decision making process. On the contrary, democratic style is where the manager engages subordinates and encourages them to participate in the decision making process. A democrat shares responsibility of making decisions with employees and this motivates them and makes them feel that their opinions are valued. This paper discusses and compares management styles based on Michael Hopkins and Marc Ballon’s articles focusing on the form of leadership of Bloomberg and Jack Hartnett respectively. Michael Bloomberg is the manager and founder of the News Service Bloomberg Inc, a company that casts global news and information. His major concern is company loyalty and so he does not freely or easily relate with those who quits the company. He definitely does not get disturbed if an employee approaches him and informs him about his resignation. However, Bloomberg will not even shake his workers’ hand if they quit and will never consider re-hiring a person after they quit. He does not rehire individuals. Bloomberg and Jack Hartnett respectively.

Foreign Exchange Markets and Transactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foreign Exchange Markets and Transactions - Essay Example A person who undertakes call option gets right to buy a specific currency but at the same time the person does not come under the obligation to buy it. One needs to pay some premium to buy call option. Paying small premium to get unlimited profit is the most lucrative aspect of working in the derivative options. If the rates are not favorable, the person can let the opportunity go away without exercising his or her right. The person loses only the amount that they paid toward call option. Same is applicable with put option wherein the person has right to sell the currency but again not obliged to sell. Not only this, but the person can choose from the available range of strike rates that are associated with varied premium rates. After all, it is one’s judgmental ability that decides about the most appropriate strike rate to enter into a contract. It is important to note here that the contract of options can be bought in a specified standard volume. In order to get profit from the call option, the price has to move above the strike price plus the premium paid to buy the call. Similarly, in the put option, the price has to move below the strike price plus the premium paid to buy the put option. It is noteworthy that the currency exchange offers opportunity both the ways whether they appreciate or depreciate. When an MMC from the US is interested in doing business in Japan, it is obvious that the MNC will receive all its payments in Japanese Yen. In the long run, the objective of the MNC would be to repatriate surplus funds back to its headquarter on the prevailing exchange rate. The current rates between yen and dollar are: Further, it is likely that the MNC does not remit profit now but only after a few months when Japanese yen would have depreciated against the US dollar. That means every Japanese yen will have now fewer dollars. Contrary to this, if the US

Contribution Of Women To Embroidery Work Cultural Studies Essay

Contribution Of Women To Embroidery Work Cultural Studies Essay The present study is about the contribution of women in handicrafts. The current theme of research regarding handicrafts is to find out the type of embroidery work that women do in their houses and also the problems and benefits they get from their embroidery work. While there is a lot of researches are presented on this topic but there is a lack of attention on those home base women workers and their contribution in handicrafts (embroidery). This study would add a knowledge and information to the existing one. Moreover in Pakistan this work is impossible without womens contribution. So, it would also help us to understand the women problems regarding their works. Handicrafts are items made by hand, often with the use of tools, and are generally artistic and traditional in nature. They include objects of utility and objects of decoration. (Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999).Handicrafts are the things that are produce completely by hand or with the help of tool. They also kn own as craft work in which useful and decorative things are used to complete it. Generally the term is used to traditional way of making things. Handicrafts are unique ideas that represent a culture and tradition of a country and it is most important in terms of economic development. Handicrafts are the mirror of culture, tradition and the beauty of this work is depending upon the artistic sense of the workers and also on the quality of material and art. Pakistan has a rich history of handicrafts. The great workers of Pakistan have great skills to show their care in craftsmanship and beauty, dignity, form and style are main components of Pakistani culture. (Shaukat, 2006) Handicrafts are the mixture of significance and artistic feeling of its people who assess the level of culture and expressions of national identity. People serve them with cotton, thread, silk, wool, metals, wood and stone and use their talent to shape these things in beautiful designs so in this way, actually they play very important function for the society. (Quddus, 1992) Handicrafts are also most important symbol in terms of economic development. Economically home based work has helped men and women both for the long time period. Now a days this market get progress and became internationalized but men get more benefits from it then women and move to the many profitable areas and the adaptation of these workers into unorganized sector have made women more insecure and lead them to the exploitation of their skills. (Gyanendra Dastidar, 2000) The fact is that more wealthy countries have less informal economy but developing countries more expansive one. Denmark has 18 percent, Nigeria and Thailand 80 per cent informal economy as compared to their respective formal economies, there is nothing insulting to confess the fact that Pakistan has an informal economy of about 70 per cent. (Bhatti, 2002) The craftsmen and craftswomen of Pakistan both struggle hard to survive; they express their environs and objects in their beautiful production or art for their profit. There are so many crafts that give the Pakistan a place of compliment in the international crafts. (Sarfaraz, 1987) The credit goes to the craftsperson that makes the very important link between the various traditions through his art or work within the country. Each region has rich in its crafts and the crafts persons of that region put their full effort or feelings in their work. Every region has specialized in its handicrafts and there is variety of its traditional handicrafts. Like the important handicrafts of Baluchistan region are Baluchi embroidery, leather work, carpets and rugs, jewellery, pottery and basketry. NWFP has a rich tradition in textiles including embroidery and block-printing, basketry, leather, wood and metal work. Sindh has a wide variety in textiles in which sindi embroidery, silk, ajrak, block-p rinting and tie-and-die is very famous work, bangles, lacquer work, jewellery and pottery. Punjab is a land of five rivers and very famous for its local cotton textiles, embroidery, gotta work, basketry, tile and wood work, the silks, ivory, silver work and naqshi art. (Hussain, 1984) Handicrafts involve the different types of creation including clothing, religious symbols and jewelry, and different types of paper crafts. (Malcolm Tatum, 2003) There are hundreds if not thousands of different varieties of handicrafts. Carpets Textile The carpet-making tradition of Pakistan is old for the thousands of years. 4000-5000 year ago Weaving was a developed as an art in the Mohenjo-Daro in Sind. In the 16th Century, The handmade carpets produced in Lahore. Islamic designs are part of the culture that depicts in Knotted woolen carpets and very famous in both South Asia and the Middle East. Fine carpets are produced in Pakistan especially in Karachi and Lahore. (Shaukat, 2006) In textiles, Sindhis bedspreads and shawls are popular and its mirror work and ajrak are also famous, Doz in Baluchistan, Phulkari work of Hazara and Sawat, kashmirs kashidakari and cotton Lungies and gotta work of Punjab are magnificent work. (Sarfaraz, 1987) Appliquà ©, Crocheting, Embroidery, Knitting, Lace-making, Macramà ©, Quilting, Weaving are also included in textile handicrafts. (Ruskin Morris) Brass, Onyx Wood Crafts The Handicrafts obviously through Brass, onyx and wood are our traditional handicrafts and are able to be proud. Our hard-working craftsmen put their effort to the carving on metal and wood item and make them very beautiful. Craftsman made these items in small villages and it can easily be purchased in big cities. Metal lanterns, mirror frames, decoration pieces and many other things are included in such crafts. (Shaukat, 2006) Pottery The pottery is very common almost in every village. Bahawalpur, Rawalpindi, Gujrat and its surrounded places are famous for colorful pottery. Multans blue glazed pottery is also very familiar since the 13th century. Copper and brass work is mostly done in Lahore. Ceramics and glazed pottery are the oldest art in Pakistan. Blue design techniques are very famous in Pakistan. Pakistani potters are well-known for making the intricate tiles that are used to beautify mosques and public buildings. (Shaukat, 2006) Woodcrafts Wood-carving, Wood-turning, Cabinet making, Furniture making, lacquer ware include in woodcrafts. The furniture of Pakistan is well-known in the whole world for its attractive designs and the artistic sense of the worker. Pakistan has a good wood, Shesham is one of them solid wood and only find in Pakistan. The furniture of this wood is very prominent in the whole world for its finishing. (Shaukat, 2006) Jewelry Leather goods Carved swords, boxes, dishes and tea sets are metal work that is made from silver and gold and precious stones and pearls jewellery are very important crafts. Necklaces, bracelets, rings, hair and forehead decorations and nose ornaments are the main items of jewellery. Leatherwork and basketry are also important crafts. The baskets of Sindh are colorful and complicated, while weavers in the Northwest Frontier prefer geometric patterns. (Shaukat, 2006) Embroidery Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating cloth or other materials with needle and thread or wool. Workers also enhance its beauty with uses of other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Embroidery is an ancient textile art which uses strands of embroidery floss or wool to create a picture in thread on canvas, linen or other cloth. It forms a part of needlework. Embroidery has recognized as a creative expression of people and it is storage of our oral traditions which have been maintained by the women. (Dhamija, 2004) Embroidered textiles are often used to decorate living spaces, temporary or permanent, impressive or modest depend upon choice and the sense of owner. Historically, embroidered textiles shows the wealthy and influence touch of rulers, courtiers, and courtesans. Among South Asias many people are identified by this textiles frequently, personal status or religious affiliation. (Gluckman, 2007) The folk embroidery tradition deeply exists in the Punjab. Village women still practice the craft, also stitching bed and cushion covers and a variety of other cloths, but the art probably reached its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (Beste, 2009) In Pakistan embroidery goes back since time immemorial. Bronze needles were excavated out at Mohenjo-Daro. (Sarfaraz, 1987) However, embroidery is a full activity of female and they individually do this work at their homes and it is not as organized work as any other works. (Hussain, 1984) Embroidery is a work that offered women to freely express their feelings by hand and it is also convenient for them to do this in the home. Women embroidered depict all kinds of traditions, nature and their family life also. Women are more dominated in textile work especially in embroidery. (Hashmi, 1987) Embroidery uses various stitches and combinations of stitches. Each embroidery stitch has a special name to help identify it. There are many different styles of embroidery, often with regional variations. Baluchi Embroidery Baluchi mirror work is very famous and also called sheeshagi. In this embroidery small pieces of round mirrors are coated on cloth with button-hole stitch. (Magsi, 1987) Traditionally Baluchi women do it in their homes. Baluchi pushk is very familier and make in traditional seven colours; black, maroon, purple, dark blues, greens, orange and white. (Hussain, 1984) Sindhi Embroidery Sindhi embroidery is covered with flowers and petals with colourful threads by the artistic hands of women. In this embroidery, women used beads, sea shells, precious stones and other pieces of peacock features to enhance its beauty. It is also interesting that women learnt all sindhi embroidery from their mothers and neighbors. The outstanding embroidery of sindh is patch work done on sari, kurta, kanjro, polki , pti, dhanak, pehran and shalwar. (Shah, 1987) Phulkari Phulkari embroidery is an embossed work done on handspun and hand-woven cotton clothes. It is embroidered with untwisted silk thread and mostly geometrical and floral designs are made in it. (Ram, 1987) The centre of this work is Hazara in Pakistan and Punjab is also famous of this work. (Quddus, 1992) Kashmiri Embroidery Kashmiri embroidery is a type of appliquà © work, using waste woolen fabrics and kashida wrought on various kinds of clothing and the cloth used is either silk or wool. (Dhamija, 2004) It is extremely a delicate and refined work and look likes almost drawings and geometrical patterns. The main varieties of Kashmiri embroidery is namda and gabba. (Quddus, 1992) Chikan embroidery Chikan embroidery is a fine needle-craft done by hand mostly using white thread on a variety of fabrics from cotton and silk to synthetics. It is the most famous fine art of embroidery at word level, and is famous not only in India, but also abroad. (Sarna Shukla, 1994)White work White work is embroidered in white thread, on pure white fabric; it is not at all difficult, and not very expensive. The tools for white work embroidery are minimal. The fabric that is used in this work is depending on the person that is according to demand, it may be white muslin, weave or linen. Appliquà © work Appliquà © work is every kind of embroidery which, being worked solidly on one material is then cut out and lay down upon another, and secured by various ornamental stitches. (Dhamija, 2004) In this type of embroidery, different pieces of clothes are cut out in the number of shapes and then pasted them in the basic fabric by using different stitches. (Ram, 1987) Zari embroideries From the second half of 18th century until the early 20th century, two different types of gold embroidery found ready patrons; these were: zardozi work, heavy silver-gilt thread work upon a foundation padded with cotton thread or paper, on velvet or sation ground; and Kalabattu work: light delicate embroidery, in gilt-silver or silver threads, strips of gilt-silver, gilt-silver sequins, upon fine silk cotton or muslin. Punjab is very famous for its zari work. (Dhamija, 2004) Embroidery work is a time-consuming work but in Pakistan traditionally women do it in their homes and pass this art to their daughters too. (Hussain, 1984)

berry goody :: essays research papers

Berry Gordy: Father of the Motown Sound Berry Gordy Jr. was born in Detroit, Michigan on November 28, 1929. He was the seventh born out of eight siblings. His parents migrated to Detroit from Georgia during 1922. They were part of a mass exodus of African Americans who left the South in the 20's and traveled to northern cities in search of better economic futures. During that time jobs were plentiful in the factories, mainly the big four automotive plants that like, Chrysler, Ford, Chevrolet, and General Motors. Berry and Bertha Gordy would instill in Berry Jr. and his brothers and sisters a strong work ethic and a belief that anything could be achieved through persistence. His family also had deep roots in business. Berry Sr. owned a plastering and carpentry service, a general store, and a printing business. Gordy's family believed in the philosophy of Booker T. Washington, which stressed economic independence for blacks. Gordy Sr. named his store after him. Berry Gordy Jr. was heavily influenced by the ambition of his father. Like his father, he was also very determined and he tried many new ventures. Berry was an average student who earned decent grades. Despite this he decided to drop out of Northeastern High School to peruse a featherweight boxing career. He once even fought on the same card as the great Joe Louis. He had a brief but successful series of fights but decided to give up boxing in 1951. That same year he would then decide to try out the Army. He served for two years during the Korean War; there he earned his high school equivalency diploma. After his short stint in the army, he decided to open a record store, which only sold jazz records. Berry always enjoyed listening to records in his basement and he had a great love of music. Berry always hung around Detroit's popular nightspots to hear the bebop jazz sounds. He was able to see the performances of famous artists like pianist Thelonious Monk and saxophonist Charlie "Bird" Parker. Unfortunately, Berry's store eventually closed due to financial difficulties. Gordy soon found himself working at Ford's Mercury plant, earning $85 a week. Bored with his assembly line job, he spent all of his free time writing songs. Berry would hum melodies and make up song lyrics in his head to break the monotony of everyday work. Berry soon began to get serious about song writing and he got his big break when he won a talent contest.

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay

According to the science of psychology one’s behavior needs to follow a certain criteria in order to be deemed â€Å"normal†. If one’s behavior does not match the criteria, their behavior is seen as undesirable and wrong (requires change). For this physiologists need to be able to view a person’s behavior and be able to tell the difference between normal and abnormal. Whilst defining the â€Å"normality† of ones behavior physiologists need to be careful to remain objective and as free of any bias as possible, furthermore their experiment to determine ones behavior needs to be repeatable and reliable. In order to do this psychologists often consults the characteristics of ideal mental health proposed by Marie Jahoda in 1958. Marie Jahoda proposed 6 different characteristics for ideal mental health after surveying different doctors and psychologists; this is the list she came up with: * Positive self esteem and a strong sense of identity * Personal growth and development * Ability to cope with stressful situations (integration) * Autonomy and independence * Accurate perception of reality * Successful mastery of the environment, particularly relationships. Jahoda argued that if one does not meet these criteria then ones behavior can be deemed abnormal as a result of an existing problem. This in my opinion provides a strong applicable foundation for the determination of ones â€Å"normality† of behavior. However the problem with Jahoda’s ideal mental health scheme is the fact that the results obtained rely solely on the observer’s judgment, therefore presenting a inevitable bias not to mention the fact that no person can truly ever meet all of the suggested criteria. This mean that according to Jahoda every person is abnormal. Another way to look for abnormal behavior for psychologists is to find deviation form the social norm (majority). This is done by observing ones actions in public and seeing how normal it is. For example if you see someone wearing a bikini/swim trunks whilst walking around a supermarket, his or her behavior would be deemed as abnormal. The limitations of observing behavior in this manor lay in the fact that different cultures have different norms. Not to mention the fact that in any given culture norms evolve. What may have once been acceptable in the 80’s is not necessarily acceptable today. Abnormality of one’s behavior can also be monitored by looking at its statistical frequency. Meaning how common ones behavior is when compared to the rest of the public. If one’s behavior is shared by many it is deemed common and therefore â€Å"normal†, however if ones behavior is uncommon or rare, it is deemed abnormal. For example one may say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQ in society is abnormal. The problem with this system is the fact that, it does not account for the desirability of the given behavior. In other words this system claims that both low and high IQ’s are an abnormality that need to be treated. Physiologists and others interested in â€Å"normality†, look over at ones behavior to see how well they can function. If one is unable to function adequately they are deemed abnormal. In order to determine how well one functions, psychologists consult Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics that define abnormality (1989). Rosenhan and Seligman argued that in order to classify someone as â€Å"inadequate in life† they must meet several of the characteristics as a pose to only one. This is their list: * Suffering * Maladaptiveness (danger to self) * Vividness & unconventionality (stands out) * Unpredictably & loss of control * Irrationality/incomprehensibility * Causes observer discomfort * Violates moral/social standards The possible limitation to Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics is the fact that â€Å"normal† people engage in activates which are potentially harmful like drinking or smoking, these people are not classed as abnormal. It is very difficult to classify behavior as to date no scheme to do so exists, which is perfect. Physiologists must tread carefully when labeling one with a disorder. Bias will always be present in one form or another, however the results can be deemed reliable if practicing psychologists consult multiple schemes in order to have a better chance of an accurate diagnosis. Bibliography * Class handout â€Å"abnormal?† Mrs campion. * â€Å"DefiningAbnormality.† AS Psychology /. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. . * â€Å"Abnormal Psychology.† Abnormal Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. .

Political Elements can Advance and Retard the Government essays

Political Elements can Advance and Retard the Government essays There are many elements that combine together to make up the American political system, including: polls, voters, political parties, interest groups, and lobbyists. These elements have the ability to both advance and retard the system. Polls have the ability to gage the publics opinion on the important issues and candidates. This allows for those in office to get a sense of how the public is feeling on issues so they are well informed and can make the best decision for the country or state. While polls are the most relied upon method for gaging society's opinion, they can create drawbacks for the political system. Polls can only be as accurate as the opinion that is being sampled. Larger samples will obviously be more accurate because they will take into consideration a greater scope of people and their opinions. If a small poll is done that has an vauge or confusing questions or use to small of a contact groupe, the poll will not positively reflect the opinion of the entire country. Likewise the public may not be well informed on all of the issues because most citizens do not apy close attention to politics. Therefore, taking a poll of a group of people who do not know much about the topic being discussed , will not be useful and could give the elected officials the wrong idea on what the public is thinking. However, when properly conducted polls can provide an indication of what the public is thinking and helps to place limits on the choices made by officials. One of the greatest sources of influence over political leadership and the strongest protection from a greedy and corrupt government is the voters. Voting is designed to allow the people to have a say in politics and how their country and state are run. Voting puts those in office who the people feel are the best qualified to govern them. However, voting also has many drawbacks. ....Not all of those who vote are well informed of the candidates position on cert...

Reprogenics, Ethics, and Our F essays

Reprogenics, Ethics, and Our F essays Advancements in the medical field have given us the ability to treat and cure certain diseases. In the near future one may be able to have a child who is immune to all diseases by using reprogenics. Through reprogenics one may also choose the sex of their child, what their child will look like, and what attributes or skills they want their child to possess or not possess. However, many people question just how far reprogenics should go. If only the rich can afford reprogenics, will prejudices arise between the perfect and the normal? Ethics have always caused questions in the medical field. Ethical issues such as the following: is it ethical to use animal in experimentation, is abortion ethical, and, now, is it ethical to have your childs life planned before he or she is even born. The public wonders who is competent to choose just what the quality of life is. Many people are biased on their opinions, such as the scientists who perform these experiments and, also, the many religious groups who oppose it, but there is also a large amount of people in the middle. Also, if a parent has a disorder or has the ability to pass on a disorder such as autism, a genetic screening and engineering can cure the child artificial insemination or in-vitro fertilization. This process will cost the parents anywhere from $32,000 to $42,000 (Chen). People who could potentially pass on disorders to their children would want to have this procedure done, but those people may not be able to afford it. Reprogenics could be great for our future. Many people could live normal lives, while if they had not undergone genetic screening as an infant, they may have been looked upon as handicapped. One woman carried a genetic mutation where she was certain to develop Alzheimers disease before she reached 40. Through genetic screening she gave birth to her daughter who was free of the mutation. This woman, like many other wante...

Writing Assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing #2 - Assignment Example The judgment in one country has to be recognized in the other. Italy for example in this case would have to recognize rulings from the court in the United States. This is because the court agreed upon and documented cannot be refuted unless there are grounds to show that it was not valid or lawful in either two states. The solving of disputes having been rendered to a particular state and court in writing shows that the other must recognize their rulings, foreign or not. A court may refuse to recognize or enforce a judgment if the agreement does not fall under the state of law of the country. This would mean that it is null and void. It would also be the case if the judgment was obtained through fraud. It would also be refuted if the defendant was not informed prior in order to create defense. If the judgment is not consistent with other rulings concerning the same parties, then it is refutable. Nielsen, Peter A. "Exclusive Choice of Court Agreements and Parallel Proceedings." A Commitment to Private International Law: Essays in Honour of Hans Van Loon: MeÃŒ langes En Lhonneur De Hans Van Loon. (2013):

Explain the scientific method and scientism. What are the criticisms Essay

Explain the scientific method and scientism. What are the criticisms of scientism Are they effectrive - Essay Example Scientism, therefore, involves having the strong perception and belief in sciences and its outcomes. This paper seeks to discuss scientism basing on the critiques of the scientific method. Scientism gets the definition by critiques as a provisional worldview based on the realism of the universe and its significance. Most critiques argue that scientism seeks to derail humanity through questioning the boundaries about nature that science has already created (Black, 2009). This, in an example, means that although there exists many and different species of human in the globe, scientism focuses on their beliefs. It is in this respect, an individual can presume that scientism is focused on restricting human inquiry. Scientism, therefore, does not consider the improvement of live through science but rather question the idea of life itself (Margolis, 2003). Other critiques, moreover, put forward that even science itself cannot critique any aspects of the philosophy of scientism. This develops after one accepts that it is only through science that man gains knowledge. Summarily, these critiques of scientism are effective since they point out how the philosophy of scientism limits human inquiry. This means that when one shares the perspectives of scientism, they cannot have the zeal for further inquiry about